original-study source

Non-Cognitive Deficits and Young Adult Outcomes

The later difference-in-differences study did not follow one experimental cohort. It used an NLSCY contemporaneous analysis sample ages zero to four, separate school-assessment cohorts, CCHS respondents ages 12 to 20, CHMS respondents ages 15 to 20, and police-reported province-age-sex-year crime rates ages 12 to 20. In the CCHS, worse self-reported health was statistically significant but the life-satisfaction estimate was not; in the CHMS, lower life satisfaction was statistically significant but the worse-health estimate was not. The distinct datasets, sample ages, nonrandomized exposure design, historical Quebec care mix, and population differences limit Orlando transfer.

Reviewed July 24, 2026

Michael Baker, Jonathan Gruber, and Kevin Milligan, NBER Working Paper 21571, 2015.

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What this source supports

The later difference-in-differences study did not follow one experimental cohort. It used an NLSCY contemporaneous analysis sample ages zero to four, separate school-assessment cohorts, CCHS respondents ages 12 to 20, CHMS respondents ages 15 to 20, and police-reported province-age-sex-year crime rates ages 12 to 20. In the CCHS, worse self-reported health was statistically significant but the life-satisfaction estimate was not; in the CHMS, lower life satisfaction was statistically significant but the worse-health estimate was not. The distinct datasets, sample ages, nonrandomized exposure design, historical Quebec care mix, and population differences limit Orlando transfer.

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Topic reviews: Universal Childcare & Support for Families

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July 24, 2026